Epistemologists seek answers to the following kinds of questions: When is it rational to have a particular belief? When AI is fully realized, it is likely to be amongst the most important things to happen to our species. [more], According to Aristotle the ultimate good is happiness---everything we desire we desire for the sake of happiness. How do our thoughts refer to objects? Phil Walsh's death a family tragedy. [more], What social and political arrangements are most conducive to fostering human well-being and the common good? The stoics and skeptics both claimed a Socratic imprimatur for their own thought. Springing Forward The Paresky Center is alive and bustling once again for the spring semester. [2] [3] He is the host of The Matt Walsh Show podcast and is a columnist for The Daily Wire. [more], The core activity of this seminar is the careful reading and sustained discussion of selected works by Plato and Aristotle, but we will also engage such other thinkers as Epictetus and Augustine, and, from a political and theoretical point of view, selections from the Hebrew Bible and New Testament. What are the purposes of liberal arts colleges in America? And, if the barber does shave himself, then by condition (b) he does not shave himself. Through an examination of these works, we will try to get some feeling for what Socrates' controversial positions and his arguments for these positions may have been. Do our beliefs have their meanings one-by-one? Topics will range from consideration of "mundane" technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), prenatal genetic screening and testing, and surrogacy, to the more extraordinary, possibly including pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), post-menopausal reproduction, and post-mortem gamete procurement. To do this, we will need to become familiar with key ethical theories; think deeply about such concepts as privacy, paternalism and autonomy, exploitation, cost-benefit analysis and justice; and compare the function of these concepts in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic with the way they work in responses to other public health concerns. We will begin the course by looking briefly at some of the Presocratic philosophers active in the Mediterranean world of the seventh through fifth centuries BCE, and some of the sophists active in the fifth century. There will also be a midterm paper (roughly 10 pages) and a final paper (roughly 15 pages) which you will develop and revise in consultation with the instructor. No domain of inquiry is immune to this destructive skepticism and confident relativism. Is happiness an emotional or mental state or is it a social construct? When should we give morality priority over personal commitments and relationships, and why? We will read the great 20th century philosopher who saw education as the foundation of democracy: John Dewey. ways of thinking about formal proof: natural deduction systems, semantic tableaux, axiomatic systems and sequent calculi. Or might it be that our skepticism and relativism are the result of our own laziness and failure? Which characteristics of persons give them moral status? There two ways to understand "Many students took every class". We will then examine how these notions may be exploited in the consideration of various long-standing issues in the theory of literary interpretation. The millennia old problem of whether human suffering is compatible with God's perfection is called "the problem of evil." Edited by John . If not, should this concern us? What is the proper 'geography'--classification and analysis--of our emotions, and what is their relation to our somatic states, feelings, beliefs, judgments, evaluations and actions? The first portion of the course will be devoted to considering general theories of justice as well as alternative conceptions of justice specifically within the health care context. Its probing and intimate reflections on the meaning of human life, the nature of God and mind, time and eternity, will and world, good and evil, love and sexuality have challenged every generation since Augustine's own. Is moral objectivity like scientific objectivity, assuming that we have a clear sense of what that involves? Students should be aware that, in the classic tradition, this class resembles a logic course. . We will continue with J. S. Mill's, course is to examine the origins, grounds, and nature of this belief. Thus, the concept of person plays a significant role in most branches of philosophy, e.g. It seems like there is still a heap of sand in my backyard. In this course, we will spend the first third of the semester attempting to understand the metaphysics and epistemology in Plato's middle dialogues. What should be done about offensive art? This course will offer a selective overview of the debates that characterized philosophy of film since the early 20th century. We will start by situating Hume's project within the historical tradition in which he thought and against which Treatise was directed. Now I'm confused. As we go through these results, we will think about the philosophical implications of first-order logic. If loyalty is a virtue, what are the proper limits of its cultivation and expression? Summer Institutes for Undergraduates in Philosophy. Phil works at Keller Williams Realty, Inc. as Real Estate Broker. We will analyze and discuss various accounts of scientific method, structure and justification of scientific theories, scientific choice, change, and the idea that scientific knowledge is progressive in a cumulative way. The course will use a case-based approach to examine these issues, and so in most weeks we will (1) read philosophical articles focused on a key concept or set of arguments central to the issue, and (2) consider in detail one morally complex case in which the concept or arguments have special application or relevance. We all examine the virtues and vices of good arguments in both informal and formal systems. Near the end of the semester, we'll also examine some evolutionary explanations of religious belief. On the other hand, if logic is about how we should reason, what makes it the case that we should reason one way rather than another? On the other hand, there is a heap of sand in my backyard. How do I know that I am one? How do you expect to learn? (v) Either you are reading or you are a fish. What we have here is an example of the sorites paradox. Do particular case histories offer good explanations of psychopathology? While answers to such questions are implicit in historically important accounts of morality, these issues became the topic of explicit, sustained debate in the twentieth and twenty-first century. And please refer to Class Notes for further information . In addition to examining general accounts of causation, we will examine particular problems that come up in thinking about mental causation and causation in indeterministic contexts. Some of the questions which we will discuss are: What is a person? In addition we'll also look at feminist analyses of topics that traditionally have not been regarded as "gendered," such as resource allocation and end of life issues. We will then turn to a variety of more recent attempts to give a clear characterization of causation. And what present practices and ways of thinking and knowing might be questioned using Foucault's tools, genealogy in particular, for resisting unnecessary constraints on freedom and the perpetuation of unnecessary suffering? In this tutorial you will read from a selection of Foucault's texts (books, lectures, interviews) in order to acquire a firm grasp of his method of "critique" and his way of looking at the interconnections between forms of power and the knowledge associated with particular disciplines. These affect not only our particular choices but also, more fundamentally, who we are and what we value. What does it take to realize this fact? justice or passionate commitment and curiosity) over happiness? The real question, then, seems to be whether, and how, free choice is possible amidst all of these influences. They help us ask: What is freedom? who happens to be a philosopher; nor is it just that philosophical positions are reviewed in the narrative, as in Gaarder's. Topics will depend to some extent on student interest, but are likely to include concerns that fall under such headings as euthanasia, conscientious eating, abortion, the ethics of protest, and Covid-19. Mill, W.E.B Dubois, John Rawls, Charles Mills, Jurgen Habermas). Why read the history of philosophy? Are we legitimately bound by a social contract? [more], Modern philosophy centers on two debates: Empiricism vs. Rationalism and Realism vs. Idealism. What distinguishes that kind of life from others? We will conclude by considering some critical appropriations of Marx by 20th Century philosophers, including Georg Lukacs, Max Horkheimer, and Theodor Adorno. We will prove soundness and completeness, compactness, the Lowenheim-Skolem theorems, undecidability and other important results about first-order logic. German philosopher Martin Heidegger thought he represented the culminating point of Western metaphysics; French Nietzscheans such as Foucault, Derrida and Deleuze as well as French feminist Luce Irigaray appropriate Nietzschean themes and concepts in their critical engagements with the Western philosophical tradition; and Anglo-American moral philosophers such as Bernard Williams, Alisdair MacIntyre, and Phillippa Foot (as well as Rorty) respond to and engage his critique of modern morality. Is that principle of organization justifiable or not? We will thus be led to discuss some of the concepts common to epistemology, metaphysics and ethics: reason, justification, objectivity, understanding, reality and truth. We will look at civil disobedience and theories of legal interpretation. We will ask, for example, what these theories tell us about the nature of space, time, probability and causality. A number of conceptual themes will emerge throughout the course of the term, including notions of exploitation and coercion, privacy and confidentiality, and the balance between public interests and individual rights. These latter writings of Kant's had a tremendous influence on the development of subsequent moral philosophy and indeed set the stage for contemporary discussions of the nature of practical reason, motivation, freedom, and morality. [more], The primary way we interact with others is through the use of language. In the second part of the course, we will turn to the fundamental questions concerning the status and structure of logic. [more], Is morality simply a matter of opinion? Is it possible to have systematic knowledge of subjective experience? The philosophical study of what we do in language, and how we understand one another, is called pragmatics; within the analytic tradition, the main philosophical contributions to the study of pragmatics in language came from Peirce, Wittgenstein, Austen, Grice and Searle. To submit an obituary, please send it to Alumni Records, Williams College, 75 Park Street, Williamstown, MA 01267. We examine key concepts such as: capitalism, alienation, false consciousness, the death of God, nihilism, the unconscious, ego, id, superego, and the death drive. How can it be known and pursued? Hence, being with others, being dependent on others, is regarded as a key structuring feature of human existence. [more], How are individual and social subjects formed, and how do they connect to questions of race? [more], The last line of Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus famously reads: "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent." What do we mean when we talk about racial capitalism? This site was launched in Spring of 2020, and includes death notifications beginning January 1, 2020. We will spend the balance of the semester coming to grips with Plato's arguments in the later dialogues. We will look at civil disobedience and theories of legal interpretation. Further, even where there is agreement as to the proper way of answering epistemological questions, there is a stunning variety of possible answers to each question. For clarification and discussion of the points made in Treatise, we will read parts of Hume's later works, especially the two Enquiries. What role does the history of philosophy play in the discipline? microscopes of reason and logic can carry us in traditional arguments about the existence and nature of God. Our main goal in this course is to work our way through Aristotle's text which can be extremely daunting, and to reconstruct his central positions and his arguments for these positions. v. t. e. Matt Walsh (born June 18, 1986) [1] is an American right-wing political commentator and author. The first portion of the course will be devoted to developing and understanding four moral principles which have come to be accepted as canonical: respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. We got it anyway . [more], Logic is the study of reasoning and argument. College: will be updated: University: will be updated: High Education: Not Available: Degree: Is rationality relative to cultural norms? According to Hegel, subjects are both historically and socially constituted; they are formed through their relations with other subjects. This seminar will try to establish, with as much accuracy as the subject allows, what are the central tenets of American Pragmatism, how they have shaped contemporary epistemology and the philosophy of science, and finally, to what extent are pragmatist approaches to human knowledge philosophically sound and fruitful. (ii) You are reading. The debate between Empiricism and Rationalism concerns whether all our knowledge derives from experience, or any is innate. We will begin with Washington's classic article "Industrial Education for the Negro" and DuBois' classic "The Talented Tenth". Our tools in this course will be logic and reason, even when we are trying to determine what the limits of reason might be. Morality and Partiality: Loyalty, Friendship, Patriotism. The course will place special emphasis on developing students' intellectual skills in close, analytical reading; reconstructing and evaluating claims and reasons that support them; producing original ideas and arguments, orally and in writing; responding to the claims and arguments presented in texts and in class; and writing clear, polished, well-argued papers. "Phil Walsh was a man of boundless energy and enthusiasm, and his death is a tragic loss. What should be the goals of Williams College? In this way, we come to appreciate the importance of considering the biology on which mental processes are based and the light that this approach throws on the nature of consciousness. Log in, register or subscribe to save articles for later. We will look at relativism with respect to reason and truth in general as well as with respect to science, religion, and morality. Is the happy life a life of virtue? In this tutorial, we'll read portions of Rawls' major works, A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism, and trace how his theory evolved in response to an array of critics, including libertarians, perfectionists, communitarians, feminist philosophers, and critical race theorists. Does free inquiry clash with concern for others, or do they (or can they) work together? [more], This course is a chronological survey of major works of political theory from the 16th to the 20th century. Of particular interest will be how language can be used to establish, reinforce, and resist power relationships involving race and gender. Who is equal? To do this, we will need to become familiar with key ethical theories; think deeply about such concepts as privacy, paternalism and autonomy, exploitation, cost-benefit analysis and justice; and compare the function of these concepts in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic with the way they work in responses to other public health concerns. By Greg Baum. The choice of literary works and films to be discussed will to some extent depend on students' interest. What is the nature of consciousness and how can it be unhappy, false or double? In particular, one must grasp that "three of them" picks out a subset of the group picked out by "every cookie", and that there's no such thing as a cookie that is both chocolate chip and oatmeal raisin. Questions about persons are of central importance for a myriad of our theories and practices, and for the ways in which we live our lives. In fact, it seems like you can't change a heap of sand into something that isn't a heap of sand by removing one grain of sand. What constitutes my knowledge of myself as a person, and does that knowledge differ in any significant respect from my knowledge of physical objects and of other people? philosophers of ancient Greece and Rome were among the first thinkers to develop rigorous arguments in response to such musings. We will prove soundness and completeness, compactness, the Lowenheim-Skolem theorems, undecidability and other important results about first-order logic. The philosopher John Rawls is widely credited with reviving liberalism in the late 20th century and providing its most persuasive defense. Those positions remain extreme, but the challenge that consciousness poses is dramatic. Readings will include work by Plato, Hobbes, Kant, Mill, Nietzsche, and contemporary authors. that future is nothing short of an existential threat to human beings. Or is it a supreme illusion, a dream-like escape, the domain in which the viewer's unconscious wishes are magically fulfilled? And, Existentialists express their thought in philosophical treatises as often as in literary works. Beyond this common ground, however, epistemologists are much divided. Furthermore, many of the issues that Aristotle takes up in these books remain of central importance in contemporary philosophy. How does film generate meaning? Understanding later Wittgenstein is thus vital for engaging in contemporary philosophy, but neither the interpretation nor the evaluation of his thought is straightforward or easy. Whether this is hyperbole or wise prognostication, it cannot be denied that the rise of AI will be a tectonic shift for culture, technology, and our fundamental sense of ourselves. He hoped it would occasion a public debate between Locke and himself, and prompt the intellectual community to decide, once and for all, between Empiricism and Rationalism, Realism and Idealism, and on related issues concerning the mind, language, truth, God, natural kinds, causation, and freedom. Is film a creation of a single artist - the director, the author - or is it a result of a loosely synchronized and not quite coherent collaboration of many different people, each guided by her or his particular vision? How can we ensure that AI's will act morally? Your email address will not be published. legitimate? In this way, we develop a rich array of analytical tools and observational practices to further our understanding of the mind. Were they simply too unsophisticated and confused to understand what is for us the irresistible power of skepticism and relativism? Are there incompatible but equally true ways of describing the world? If they are conscious, will AI's have dignity and rights? Tutorial partners will have an opportunity to spend the end of the semester working on a special topic of their choosing including, for instance, consciousness and free will, pain and anesthesia, consciousness and artificial intelligence, or disorders of consciousness. Required fields are marked *. In addition we'll also look at feminist analyses of topics that traditionally have not been regarded as "gendered," such as resource allocation and end of life issues. What do the social and psychological sciences have to teach us about happiness? We will concentrate both on making precise the philosophical problem of consciousness and on understanding the role of the relevant neuroscientific and cognitive research. We can learn a lot about logic, language, epistemology and metaphysics by thinking through and attempting to resolve paradoxes. For example, we commonly attribute to Plato a theory of the Forms on the basis of his claims in the so-called "middle dialogues" (mainly Republic, Phaedo, and Symposium). In this tutorial we will exploit this characteristic of biomedical ethics by using a case-based approach to examining core concepts of the field. What are space and time? They have three adult children: Shevaun, Jessica, and Cameron. Where have you been taught them? We will begin with Washington's classic article "Industrial Education for the Negro" and DuBois' classic "The Talented Tenth". We will examine the Pan-African writings of: Cedric Robinson (Black Marxism); Walter Rodney (How Capitalism Underdeveloped Africa), Eric Williams (Capitalism and Slavery; From Columbus to Castro); Frantz Fanon (The Wretched of the Earth); Malcolm X (Malcolm X Speaks); Amilcar Cabral (Resistance and Decolonization; Unity and Struggle); C. L. R. James (The Black Jacobins). In this course we will engage ethical questions surrounding the seeming inevitability of AI. scientific theories. Phil was stabbed to death by his son, who habitually used hallucinogenic drugs, in one of the most shocking tragedies in . In this tutorial we will read the contemporary literature on consciousness. They help us ask: What is freedom? We will look at relativism with respect to reason and truth in general as well as with respect to science, religion, and morality. Students who have take PHIL 203 will have a good background for this class, but students who are generally comfortable with formal systems need not have taken PHIL 203. In order to be justified in holding a belief, must someone know (or believe) that she is justified in holding that belief? The AFL is in shock after Adelaide Crows coach Phil Walsh was stabbed to death at his home, with his 26-year-old son arrested and charged with murder. Finally, we will consider how the concept of freedom is applied in contemporary social contexts, such as speech, religion, voting, and sexuality and gender. While you're debating whether to take this class, consider the following puzzle. We also examine the Yogacara school, which offers a process view of reality focusing on the analysis of experience. [more], At the beginning of the last century Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. In this course we will seek to comprehend the dimensions in which Existentialism is a distinctive intellectual tradition. The first portion of the course will address the emergence of the "Ethics of Care," critically assessing its origins in feminist theory, its development within the context of the caring professions, and its potential as a general approach to bioethical reasoning. Are we rationally justified in drawing causal inferences? We will examine basic questions in the philosophy of law: What is the relationship between law and morality? Understanding later Wittgenstein is thus vital for engaging in contemporary philosophy, but neither the interpretation nor the evaluation of his thought is straightforward or easy. Philosophy? Starting with early film theorists (such as Munsterberg, Arnheim, Bazin, and Soviet formalists), we will examine how their insights and disagreements influenced later developments in continental and analytic philosophy of film, and in film theory. Critical theorists regard philosophy as social and ideology critique. We think that there is a difference between a linguistic object's being meaningful and its having a referent. Our aim will be to identify and evaluate the strongest version of each argument. Wilfrid Sellars regarded as uncontroversial the view that it is "an attempt to see how things, in the broadest possible sense of the term, hang together in the broadest possible sense of the term." Is patriotism incompatible with cosmopolitanism, and if so, which of the two should we value? Our main goal will be to prove things about this logical system rather than to use this system to think about ordinary language arguments. For each argument, we will first look at historically important formulations and then turn to contemporary reformulations. [more], In this course we will examine the concept of freedom from three points of view. Epistemologists don't seem to think that Hume's account of human psychology, morality and taste can in any way illuminate his treatment of skepticism and natural belief, while moral philosophers often neglect Hume's conclusions about the limits of our knowledge in analyzing his conception of motivation, action, obligation and virtue. We begin by examining some of the central concepts of Buddhist psychology, its treatment of the mind as a selfless stream of consciousness, its examination of the variety of mental factors and its accounts of the relation between cognition and affects. Is film today really distinct from a number of new, emerging visual media? The abstract philosophical question before us is, what are animals such that they can be all these things? We'll examine these and related questions through historical and contemporary readings. Student interest will be taken into consideration in deciding what additional topics to cover. His later work, best known through posthumously published Philosophical Investigations, continues to influence contemporary thinking about language, mind, action, knowledge, ethics, religion, aesthetics, culture, and of course, philosophy itself. Most sessions will pair readings about key concepts with specific cases that raise complex ethical issues, including the concept of moral standing and, e.g., people who do not yet exist, non-human individuals, species, and complex living systems; the concept of moral responsibility and complicity in environmentally damaging practices; the legitimacy of cost-benefit analysis as an environmental policy tool; and the valuation of human lives. We will focus on particular topics, examples of which are the following: normative critique, capitalism, authoritarianism, mass culture, enlightenment and reason, progress, violence, the domination of nature, white supremacy, patriarchy and colonialism. This introduction will be of use to students interested in language from a variety of perspectives, including philosophy, cognitive science, and computer science. In this course we address key themes and figures from two of the most influential movements in twentieth century European philosophy, namely, existentialism and phenomenology, a philosophical approach to which existentialism is indebted. Or are some of our beliefs true in virtue of their meanings alone? How does our experience justify our beliefs? This discussion will lead us to the relativist and social-constructivist views developed within contemporary science studies. We will try to determine what is the scope and nature of an adequate theory of emotions, what are the desiderata for such a theory, and what should count as evidence in its favor. Thus, Plato described the philosopher as "the one who beholds all Time and all Being." A deranged young man who stabbed his AFL coach father to death during a psychotic episode will be allowed to leave a mental asylum after just six years.. 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