Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. [26] Of French trade, 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin, rubber, jute, wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire. "The Maginot Line would have done just fine against a German army with no tanks, airplanes or heavy artillery," says Kirchubel, all of which were banned inside Germany after WWI. [18], French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic, as Versailles had forbidden German conscription, and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men. He doesn't poison the dog because he's terrified of personal contact with the animal. Because no human looks at her, she cannot conceive of her own worth and eventually loses the ability to maintain her own basic sense of identitySoaphead Church's use of Pecola for his own ends is the final step in the unraveling of her sanity. As an ally of France, they got advice on the Maginot design and applied it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. At the house where Polly Breedlove works, we see where Mrs. Breedlove gives most of her attention and love. The Britishwho openly championed the German position on reparationsapplied intense economic pressure on France to change its policies towards Germany. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Frieda is uncertain how to describe what has happened to her. ", Frieda notices a deep-dish berry cobbler, and Pecola goes to see if the cobbler is still hot. He feels a mix of tenderness and hatred as he rapes Pecola, the tenderness confused and misapplied. Her differing reactions to Pecola and the little white girl further this idea. [4], Postwar assessment of whether the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed. Winston Churchill. The white woman for whom Pauline worked tries to deal with Pauline, telling her that she will give Pauline the money only if Pauline leaves Cholly. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. All cloches were made of alloy steel. Petrol-engined armoured locomotives pulled supply trains along these narrow-gauge lines. [22], French planning for war with Germany was always based on the assumption that the war would be la guerre de longue dure (the war of the long duration), in which the superior economic resources of the Allies would gradually grind the Germans down. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. The dog devours the meat and dies almost immediately, and Pecola flees in terror. The Maginot Lines nickname comes from the bulky defensive fortifications built before World War II to protect the border of France from Germany. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). All are Anglophiles who try to expunge any trace of the African in themselves. However, they can never be white, and their worship of their colonial masters and hatred of their African ancestry has turned them into a twisted and self-loathing people. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. Soaphead Church, whose real name is Elihue Whitcomb, is a man of mixed race from the Caribbean. Behind an imposing line of pop-up gun turrets, tank traps and 12-foot (3.6-meter) concrete walls were fully equipped subterranean military bases complete with mess halls, hospitals, recreation facilities and railway lines. Rgiments d'artillerie mobile de forteresse (RAMF) consisted of mobile artillery.[11]. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Frieda and Claudia are confused about what ruined means and worry that Frieda will become fat like the Maginot Line. Please wait while we process your payment. Continue to start your free trial. The MacTeers boarder, who has a reputation for being a steady worker and a quiet man. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. In 1940, France deployed about twice as many men, 36 divisions (roughly one third of its force), for the defence of the Maginot Line in Alsace and Lorraine. He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle, who favoured investment in armour and aircraft. The defences were first proposed by Marshal Joseph Joffre. for a group? $24.99 March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Frieda equates being "ruined" to being like the Maginot Line, because she heard her mother say that the Maginot Line was a "ruined" woman. That resulted in "the media exaggerating their descriptions by turning the line into an impregnable fortified position that would seal the frontier". Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! [41] Donnell argued that the primary purpose of "prevent[ing] a concerted attack on France through the traditional invasion routes and to permit time for the mobilisation of troops was fulfiled", as was the French strategy of forcing the Germans to enter Belgium, which ideally would have allowed "the French to fight on favourable terrain". Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. His active response contrasts with Pecolaspassivity. As far as we know, Soaphead Church is the only mortal being to whom Pecola has revealed her wish, and his emotional reaction is admiration. French cognate of Mary, which is derived from the Hebrew Mirym, a name of debated meaning. Belgium was overrun, and British and French forces evacuated at Dunkirk. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. It is the Maginot Line. She then tells the girls that they can wait with her until Pecola is back, offering them pop to drink while they wait. 15. When the British Expeditionary Force landed in France in September 1939, they and the French reinforced and extended the Maginot line to the sea in a flurry of construction from 1939 to 1940, accompanied by general improvements all along the line. Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. Refine any search. They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. 9. After that, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly. [35] The idea was shelved. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. [13] From 1871 forward, French elites had concluded that France had no hope of defeating Germany on its own, and France would need an alliance with another great power to defeat the Reich. Read an in-depth analysis of Pecola Breedlove. Patreon: https://www.patr. It also had state-of-the-art living conditions for garrisoned troops, supplying air conditioning and eating areas for their comfort. How do colorism and classism cause this status? Kaufmann added that before construction in October 1927, the Superior Council of War adopted the final design for the line and identified that one of the main missions would be to deter a German cross-border assault with only minimal force to allow "the army time to mobilise. [53] New York Times headlined "Maginot Line in the Sky" in 2000[54] and "A New Maginot Line" in 2001. Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. While Mrs. Breedlove goes to get the wash, a very young white girl appears and reacts with fear when she sees the three girls. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. [30] The entire French crew of 107 soldiers was killed during the action. Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. The prostitutes tease each other affectionately and treat Pecola with kindness, while the rest of the community treats her cruelly. The quest for whiskey and the girls' disdain for the Maginot Line show, once again, the esteem the girls have for their mother's opinion and her wisdom. Built between 1930 and 1940, it was one of the world's most impressive forts, yet it proved to be almost . She invites the girls upstairs for a soda, but Frieda tells her that they are not allowed to visit her because she is "ruined." The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. He feels that is right for a black girl like Pecola to long to "see the world with blue eyes," but a thoughtful reader will note that eye color does not have an effect on vision. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. She has renounced her own black family for the family of her white employer. Frieda is angered by her experience and ready to take action rather than remain ashamed and defeated. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. Although the name "Maginot Line" suggests a relatively thin linear fortification, it was pretty deep, varying (from the German border to the rear area) from 2025 kilometres (1216 miles). creating and saving your own notes as you read. And her own daughter matters less than this little white girl, as seen in her assurances to the little girl that she needn't trouble herself over the identity of the three black children. Many believe it to mean "sea of bitterness" or "sea of sorrow." However, some sources cite the alternative definitions of "rebellion," "wished-for child," and "mistress or lady of the sea." The name is borne in the Bible by the mother . For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. This passage foretells the sexual violence and oppression experienced by the female characters of The Bluest Eye. More books than SparkNotes. He has a gruff manner toward little Black girls. Cholly refuses to give her money for better clothes, so she takes work housekeeping. Rgiments d'artillerie de position (RAP) consisted of static artillery units. "[44], The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed. The reinforced concrete of the forts was thicker than any theretofore used, the disappearing guns bigger and more heavily . When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. The Maginot Line, also called Miss Marie, could be considered either. As a mature women, she has a different understanding of the word from that of the innocent girls, which makes it more painful and triggers her violent reaction. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. [17] With the United States isolationist and Britain stoutly refusing to make the "continental commitment" to defend France on the same scale as in World War I, the prospects of Anglo-American assistance in another war with Germany appeared to be doubtful at best. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. Then another neighbor, Miss Dunion, came in and suggested that they take Frieda to the doctor because she might be ruined, a fear that now makes Frieda weep. [clarification needed] The line stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg and a much lighter extension was extended to the Strait of Dover after 1934. The girls admire her light skin and social status, and they are jealous of both. Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Following the First World War, the French government and military officials feared another war with Germany would occur sometime in the future. How Hitler's Blitzkrieg Tactic Shocked the Allies in WWII. He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. He cannot stand contact with people, but he hoards the little bits of junk from people's everyday lives. LitCharts Teacher Editions. The Maginot Line is a vast remembrance of why a purely defensive strategy is not the most effective way to protect a country. The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. These are large reinforced buried concrete bunkers, equipped with armoured turrets containing high-precision optics, connected with the other fortifications by field telephone and wireless transmitters (known in French by the acronym T.S.F., Tlgraphie Sans Fil). 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). This was impossible elsewhere as the other parts of the line were located in civilian areas.[10]. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. Czechoslovakia also feared Hitler and began building its own defences. Mrs. Breedlove sticks her head out the door, is introduced to the girls, and tells them they can wait with Pecola for the laundry and then walk back to town with her. The serpent, constructed over a period of 11 years at a cost of some seven billion prewar francs, was France's last, best hope to avert another German invasion, another devastating war. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . The petits ouvrages were generally made up of several infantry bunkers, connected by a tunnel network with attached underground facilities, such as barracks, electric generators, ventilation systems, mess halls, infirmaries and supply caches. The Treaty of Versailles: Did the End of WWI Cause the Start of WWII? PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. On a Saturday in spring, Claudia goes inside and finds Frieda crying. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Subscribe now. His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. The community knows. Note that the narrative of Cholly's life lays a greater emphasis on Cholly's agency. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. She depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order to understand it herself. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. She asks where "Polly" is, something that infuriates Claudia because even Pecola calls her own mother "Mrs. Purchasing A white, comparatively wealthy girl who lives next door to the MacTeers. [26] The French imported a third of their coal from Britain, and 32 percent of all imports through French ports were carried by British ships. The Maginot Line tells them she works at a big white lakefront house. While the accommodations weren't luxurious, the barracks and mess halls were a tremendous improvement over the mud, freezing cold and disease of WWI trenches. Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. The girls both admire her and are jealous of her. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. Struggling with distance learning? The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. She begins to become more religious, solidifying her identity as a martyr. As the water table in this region is high, there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded, which the line designers knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome. How did this happen? When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. He humiliates Cholly and turns his back on him, returning to his game of dice. When France withdrew from NATO's military component in 1966, much of the line was abandoned, with the NATO facilities turned back over to French forces and the rest of it auctioned off to the public or left to decay. on 50-99 accounts. Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. 19 January 2021. [37][38], Julian Jackson highlighted one of the line's roles was to facilitate that strategy by "free[ing] manpower for offensive operations elsewhere and to protect the forces of manoeuvre"; the latter included a more mechanised and modernised military, which would advance into Belgium and engage the German main thrust flanking the line. By the eve of WWII, the French had constructed a string of fortifications stretching from the Swiss Alps to the English Channel, but the heaviest defenses were along the 280-mile (450-kilometer) border with Germany. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at [email protected]. | When The Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for someone, Claudia explains they are looking for Pecola. Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. "Bluest Eye Spring Summary and Analysis". [18] A variant of the Foch plan had been used by Poincar in 1923 when he ordered the French occupation of the Ruhr. Pauline, in turn, humanizes the horse, and understands that by looking into the animal's eyes one can see that its feelings are as real as those of a human being. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. Why does Maureen have a privilege status in the school community? 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